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''Twice-Told Tales'' is a short story collection in two volumes by Nathaniel Hawthorne. The first was published in the spring of 1837, and the second in 1842.〔Roy Harvey Pearce, "Introduction" in Nathaniel Hawthorne, ''Twice-Told Tales'', New York: Dutton, 1967, pp. v-vi.〕 The stories had all been previously published in magazines and annuals, hence the name. ==Publication== Hawthorne was encouraged by friend Horatio Bridge to collect these previously anonymous stories; Bridge offered $250 to cover the risk of the publication.〔McFarland, Philip. ''Hawthorne in Concord''. New York: Grove Press, 2005: 22. ISBN 0-8021-1776-7〕 Many had been published in ''The Token'', edited by Samuel Griswold Goodrich. When the works became popular, Bridge revealed Hawthorne as the author in a review he published in the ''Boston Post''.〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 90. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 The title, ''Twice-Told Tales'', was based on a line from William Shakespeare's ''The Life and Death of King John'' (Act 3, scene 4): "Life is as tedious as a twice-told tale, / Vexing the dull ear of a drowsy man."〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 92–93. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 The book was published by the American Stationers' Company on March 6, 1837; its cover price was one dollar.〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 92. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 Hawthorne had help in promoting the book from Elizabeth Peabody. She sent copies of the collection to William Wordsworth as well as to Horace Mann, hoping that Mann could get Hawthorne a job writing stories for schoolchildren.〔Marshall, Megan. ''The Peabody Sisters: Three Women Who Ignited American Romanticism''. Boston: Mariner Books, 2006: 356. ISBN 978-0-618-71169-7〕 After publication, Hawthorne asked a friend to check with the local bookstore to see how it was selling. After noting the initial expenses for publishing had not been met, he complained: "Surely the book was puffed enough to meet with sale. What the devil's the matter?"〔Schreiner, Samuel A., Jr. ''The Concord Quartet: Alcott, Emerson, Hawthorne, Thoreau, and the Friendship that Freed the American Mind''. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2006: 120. ISBN 978-0-471-64663-1.〕 By June, between 600 and 700 copies were sold but sales were soon halted by the Panic of 1837 and the publisher went out of business within a year.〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 93. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 On October 11, 1841, Hawthorne signed a contract with publisher James Munroe to issue a new, two-volume edition of ''Twice-Told Tales'' with 21 more works than the previous edition. 1000 copies were published in December of that year with a cover price $2.25; Hawthorne was paid 10 percent per copy.〔Mellow, James R. ''Nathaniel Hawthorne in His Times''. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980: 192. ISBN 0-8018-5900-X〕 Hawthorne complained that he still struggled financially. Editor John L. O'Sullivan suggested Hawthorne buy back unsold copies of ''Twice-Told Tales'' so that they could be reissued through a different publisher. At the time of this suggestion, 1844, there were 600 unsold copies of the book. Hawthorne lamented, "I wish Heaven would make me rich enough to buy the copies for the purpose of burning them."〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 183. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 After the success of ''The Scarlet Letter'' in 1850, ''Twice-Told Tales'' was reissued with the help of publisher James Thomas Fields. In a new preface, Hawthorne wrote that the stories "may be understood and felt by anybody, who will give himself the trouble to read it, and will take up the book in a proper mood."〔Wineapple, Brenda. ''Hawthorne: A Life''. New York: Random House, 2004: 229–231. ISBN 0-8129-7291-0〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Twice-Told Tales」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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